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Thursday, May 23, 2019

The Dissenters ~ Justice John Roberts, Justice Samuel Alito, Justice Antonin Scalia, and Justice Clarence Thomas (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015)

Roberts:

“Although the policy arguments for extending marriage to same-sex couples may be compelling, the legal arguments for requiring such an extension are not.”

“Many people will rejoice at this decision, and I begrudge none their celebration. But for those who believe in a government of laws, not of men, the majority’s approach is deeply disheartening.”

“Understand well what this dissent is about: It is not about whether, in my judgment, the institution of marriage should be changed to include same-sex couples. It is instead about whether, in our democratic republic, that decision should rest with the people acting through their elected representatives, or with five lawyers who happen to hold commissions authorizing them to resolve legal disputes according to law.”

“Unlike criminal laws banning contraceptives and sodomy, the marriage laws at issue here involve no government intrusion. They create no crime and impose no punishment. Same-sex couples remain free to live together, to engage in intimate conduct, and to raise their families as they see fit. No one is ‘condemned to live in loneliness’ by the laws challenged in these cases—no one.”

“Although the majority randomly inserts the adjective ‘two’ in various places, it offers no reason at all why the two-person element of the core definition of marriage may be preserved while the man-woman element may not. Indeed, from the standpoint of history and tradition, a leap from opposite-sex marriage to same-sex marriage is much greater than one from a two-person union to plural unions, which have deep roots in some cultures around the world. If the majority is willing to take the big leap, it is hard to see how it can say no to the shorter one.”

“The Court today not only overlooks our country’s entire history and tradition but actively repudiates it, preferring to live only in the heady days of the here and now.”

“Over and over, the majority exalts the role of the judiciary in delivering social change.”

“If you are among the many Americans—of whatever sexual orientation—who favor expanding same-sex marriage, by all means celebrate today’s decision. Celebrate the achievement of a desired goal. Celebrate the opportunity for a new expression of commitment to a partner. Celebrate the availability of new benefits. But do not celebrate the Constitution. It had nothing to do with it.”


Scalia:

“The substance of today’s decree is not of immense personal importance to me.”

“Today’s decree says that my Ruler, and the Ruler of 320 million Americans coast-to-coast, is a majority of the nine lawyers on the Supreme Court.”`

“[W]e need not speculate. When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, every State limited marriage to one man and one woman, and no one doubted the constitutionality of doing so. That resolves these cases.”

“[T]he Court ends this debate, in an opinion lacking even a thin veneer of law. Buried beneath the mummeries and straining-to-be-memorable passages of the opinion is a candid and startling assertion: No matter what it was the People ratified, the Fourteenth Amendment protects those rights that the Judiciary, in its “reasoned judgment,” thinks the Fourteenth Amendment ought to protect.”

“A system of government that makes the People subordinate to a committee of nine unelected lawyers does not deserve to be called a democracy.”

[T]he Federal Judiciary is hardly a cross-section of America. Take, for example, this Court, which consists of only nine men and women, all of them successful lawyers who studied at Harvard or Yale Law School. Four of the nine are natives of New York City. Eight of them grew up in east- and west-coast States. Only one hails from the vast expanse in-between. Not a single Southwesterner or even, to tell the truth, a genuine Westerner (California does not count). Not a single evangelical Christian (a group that comprises about one quarter of Americans), or even a Protestant of any denomination. The strikingly unrepresentative character of the body voting on today’s social upheaval would be irrelevant if they were functioning as judges, answering the legal question whether the American people had ever ratified a constitutional provision that was understood to proscribe the traditional definition of marriage….[T]o allow the policy question of same-sex marriage to be considered and resolved by a select, patrician, highly unrepresentative panel of nine is to violate a principle even more fundamental than no taxation without representation: no social transformation without representation.”

“[W]hat really astounds is the hubris reflected in today’s judicial Putsch.”

“Who ever thought that intimacy and spirituality [whatever that means] were freedoms? And if intimacy is, one would think Freedom of Intimacy is abridged rather than expanded by marriage. Ask the nearest hippie.”

“The opinion is couched in a style that is as pretentious as its content is egotistic.”

“Rights, we are told, can “rise … from a better informed understanding of how constitutional imperatives define a liberty that remains urgent in our own era.” (Huh? How can a better informed understanding of how constitutional imperatives [whatever that means] define [whatever that means] an urgent liberty [never mind], give birth to a right?).”

“The world does not expect logic and precision in poetry or inspirational pop-philosophy; it demands them in the law.”

“If, even as the price to be paid for a fifth vote, I ever joined an opinion for the Court that began: ‘The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach, a liberty that includes certain specific rights that allow persons, within a lawful realm, to define and express their identity,’ I would hide my head in a bag. The Supreme Court of the United States has descended from the disciplined legal reasoning of John Marshall and Joseph Story to the mystical aphorisms of the fortune cookie.”

Alito:

“Our Nation was founded upon the principle that every person has the unalienable right to liberty, but liberty is a term of many meanings. For classical liberals, it may include economic rights now limited by government regulation. For social democrats, it may include the right to a variety of government benefits. For today’s majority, it has a distinctively postmodern meaning.”

“If this traditional understanding of the purpose of marriage does not ring true to all ears today, that is probably because the tie between marriage and procreation has frayed. Today, for instance, more than 40% of all children in this country are born to unmarried women. This development undoubtedly is both a cause and a result of changes in our society’s understanding of marriage.”

“The decision will also have other important consequences. It will be used to vilify Americans who are unwilling to assent to the new orthodoxy. In the course of its opinion, the majority compares traditional marriage laws to laws that denied equal treatment for African-Americans and women. The implications of this analogy will be exploited by those who are determined to stamp out every vestige of dissent.”

“I assume that those who cling to old beliefs will be able to whisper their thoughts in the recesses of their homes, but if they repeat those views in public, they will risk being labeled as bigots and treated as such by governments, employers, and schools.”


Thomas:

“In our society, marriage is not simply a governmental institution; it is a religious institution as well. Today’s decision might change the former, but it cannot change the latter. It appears all but inevitable that the two will come into conflict, particularly as individuals and churches are confronted with demands to participate in and endorse civil marriages between same-sex couples. The majority appears unmoved by that inevitability.”

“[T]he Constitution contains no ‘dignity’ Clause, and even if it did, the government would be incapable of bestowing dignity.”

“Slaves did not lose their dignity (any more than they lost their humanity) because the government allowed them to be enslaved. Those held in internment camps did not lose their dignity because the government confined them. And those denied governmental benefits certainly do not lose their dignity because the government denies them those benefits.”


source:


Wednesday, May 22, 2019

The Dissenters ~ Justice Byron White and Justice William Rehnquist (Roe vs Wade, 1973)




   I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court's judgment. The Court simply fashions and announces a new constitutional right for pregnant women and, with scarcely any reason or authority for its action, invests that right with sufficient substance to override most existing state abortion statutes. The upshot is that the people and the legislatures of the 50 States are constitutionally disentitled to weigh the relative importance of the continued existence and development of the fetus, on the one hand, against a spectrum of possible impacts on the woman, on the other hand. As an exercise of raw judicial power, the Court perhaps has authority to do what it does today; but, in my view, its judgment is an improvident and extravagant exercise of the power of judicial review that the Constitution extends to this Court.
— Roe, 410 U.S. at 221–22 (White, J., dissenting).




   To reach its result, the Court necessarily has had to find within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment a right that was apparently completely unknown to the drafters of the Amendment. As early as 1821, the first state law dealing directly with abortion was enacted by the Connecticut Legislature. By the time of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, there were at least 36 laws enacted by state or territorial legislatures limiting abortion. While many States have amended or updated their laws, 21 of the laws on the books in 1868 remain in effect today.
— Roe, 410 U.S. at 174–76 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)



Source:

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Does the Bible Advocate Jihad? ~ Alice C. Linsley





Does the Bible Advocate Jihad?

By Alice C. Linsley
Special to VIRTUEONLINE
www.virtueonline.org
December 16, 2015

The Arabic word jihad means "striving" or "struggle." The word describes different types of struggles such as "jihad of the pen" (promotion of Islam), "jihad of the heart" (struggle against doubt), and jihad that involves violence or warfare to advance Islam. There is no Hebrew equivalent to the word jihad. The Hebrew word with the closest meaning is tsaba which refers to war, struggle, army and warfare.

The idea that the Bible advocates jihad is propaganda. It represents an attempt to blame the Bible for the very crimes committed daily by Islamic extremists. The Islamic writer, Khaula Rehman, blames burning witches and mediums, genocide, and stoning for adultery on the Bible: http://islamforwest.org/violence-in-the-bible-and-jihad-in-the-quran-2/

Khaula Rehman writes, "There are no verses in the Holy Quran to trigger and promote genocide, but there are in the Bible.... There are no verses in the Holy Quran to kill people for sexual misconduct but there are in the Bible."
Rehman writes:

Christians often refer to Islam as a terrorist religion, and they abuse the Arabic word "Jihad" and portray it as a reference to terrorism. We must not forget that JIHAD began in the Bible, where GOD Almighty Commanded His followers to fight for His Holy Cause. Let us look at what the Bible says about Jihad:

GOD Almighty chose the land of Palestine to be the Jews' "Promise Land", and thus, ordered them to go into it and fight the pagans there so they can have possession over it.

Unfortunately, this view is a distortion common to both ill-informed Muslims and Christians. The idea of a Promised Land in Palestine comes after the Babylonian captivity. It is largely the conception of the Deuteronomist. The territory that Abraham possessed was in the region of ancient Edom/Idumea (between Sarah's home in Hebron, and Keturah's home in Beersheba). Abraham, Isaac and Esau were related to the Edomite rulers listed in Genesis 36. The Deuteronomist recognizes this fact. "You must not regard the Edomite as detestable, for he is your brother." (Deuteronomy 23:7)

The Deuteronomist Historian sought centralized worship at the Jerusalem temple, and the reshaping of the Passover and Tabernacles into national observances. This is the beginning of political Zionism.

The Deuteronomist Historian's objective was to secure Judea as a home for people who returned from Babylon, most of whom were of Judean ancestry. The Deuteronomist Historian was not advocating the forced conversion or elimination of "non-believers" globally, as is advocated by jihad. Qur'an 9:5 expresses this: "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem [of war]."

The Qur'an contains 109 verses that command violent aggression against non-Muslims in order to conquer them in the name of Allah. Consider the following examples:

Qur'an 3:85 -- "If anyone desires a religion other than Islam, never will it be accepted of him; and in the hereafter he will be in the ranks of those who have lost."

Qur'an 4:89 -- "But if they turn away, catch them and slaughter them wherever ye find them; and (in any case) take no friends or helpers from their ranks."

Qur'an 4:101 -- "And when ye go forth in the land, it is no sin for you to curtail (your) worship if ye fear that those who disbelieve may attack you. In truth the disbelievers are an open enemy to you."

Qur'an 8:12 -- "Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): 'I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instill terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them."

Qur'an 8:39 -- "And fight with them until there is no more fitna [persecution] and religion should be only for Allah."

Qur'an 9:29 -- "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the Religion of Truth, from among the People of the Book, until they pay the jizyah [penalty tax] with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.

Regarding Christians and Jews, the Qur'an has this to say: "[98:7] Verily, those who disbelieve from among the People of the Book and the idolaters will be in the Fire of Hell, abiding therein.

The Deuteronomist sanctions God's use of Israel to destroy its enemies in Judea and to destroy their sacred images [iconoclasm]. Is that like Islamic jihad? We must admit that there are similarities. Both the Bible and the Qur'an have been ransacked to supply texts that sanction violence. However, distinctions matter. One important distinction rests in how the two texts are to be interpreted. Proper interpretation of the 66 books of the Bible requires a basic understanding of the context of the various writers. Most discrepancies are explained on the basis of historical context. Muslims claim that the Qur'an was written by Mohammad, but where two passages appear to contradict, Islam teaches that the most recent interpretation is to be followed. Unfortunately, the most recent interpretations tend also to be the more aggressive in tone.

The Bible does not condone killing people who might disparage Moses as Allah's prophet. However, Quran 5:33 is explicit that "Those who make war against God and his apostle [Mohammad]. . . shall be put to death or crucified."

The Bible does not advocate holy war to advance Judaism. The violence prescribed in the Old Testament was intended for a particular time and limited to particular strongholds such as Jericho and Ai, both in Judea. No precedent was set to continue a violent struggle beyond Judea (with the exception of Hazor in Upper Galilee). In contrast, the Qur'an prescribes military jihad to promote Islam worldwide.

From the beginning Islam has employed the sword to kill in the name of Allah. It is exactly the opposite for the early Christians who did not kill, but rather were killed for their devotion to Jesus Christ. As a Christian philosopher accurately noted, "Both Islam and Christianity were spread by the sword, but the swords were pointing in opposite directions!"



source:
https://www.virtueonline.org/does-bible-advocate-jihad

Verses of Violence: Comparing The Bible and The Quran ~ Michael L. Brown





Posted Dec 16, 2015 by Michael L. Brown

When Christians point to the violent verses in the Quran, Muslims reply, “But what about the violent verses in the Bible?”
How should we respond to this fair challenge from Muslims?
1. The violent verses in the Bible were for a specific time and place; the violent verses in the Quran are spoken in general terms.
In the Bible, God commanded Joshua to annihilate the Canaanites, meaning to kill men, women, and children, since the Canaanites were considered guilty sinners. Centuries later, during the time of King Saul, the prophet Samuel said that it was God’s will to annihilate the Amalekites because of the sins they had committed.
While these commands seem monstrous to many readers today, they cannot possibly be applied to contemporary situations and they have never been considered normative for all times in either Judaism or Christianity.
In contrast, the Quranic injunctions to smite at the necks of unbelievers and to kill and punish them in various ways have been applied to contemporary situations since the days of Muhammad, right up until today.
(For Christian reflections on the command to kill the Canaanites, see Paul Copan and Matt Flanagan, Did God Really Command Genocide? Coming to Terms with the Justice of God, and David T. Lamb, God Behaving Badly: Is the God of the Bible Angry, Sexist, and Racist?)
2. For Christians, the Old Testament is the foundation on which the New Testament is built and so the New Testament contains the final revelation. Significantly, there are no verses in the New Testament in which believers are called on to kill their enemies. For Muslims, the Quran is the final revelation.
In the Old Testament, the Israelites were commanded to drive out the Canaanites; in the New Testament, Christians are commanded to drive out demons (evil spiritual beings), not people. In the Old Testament, sins like adultery and idolatry were punishable with the death penalty under Israelite law; in the New Testament, professing Christians who practice those sins are to be excommunicated (meaning, put out of the fellowship of believers), not executed.
For Jews, the Old Testament is read in the light of Jewish tradition, which also removed the death penalties for certain sins over a period of time. Jewish tradition also claims that some Old Testament laws were never meant to be taken literally (such as eye for eye, tooth for tooth, or the law calling for a woman’s hand to be chopped off for grabbing a man’s genitals when he was fighting her husband). Instead, Jewish tradition tells us that these laws always referred to monetary payment.
In contrast, the Quran is the final authority for Muslims – there is nothing that supersedes it or can contradict it – and so, to repeat again, throughout Islamic history, the violent verses have often been applied literally by Muslims in their treatment of unbelievers and enemies.
3. The ultimate example for Christians is Jesus. For Muslims, Muhammad is the perfect man and the model to be followed.
Jesus was crucified and ordered His followers not to defend Him from His fate. Muhammad, who began his mission as a preacher rather than a soldier, led pillaging raids (to get money for his followers), fought aggressive, offensive wars to subdue his enemies, and on one famous occasion, beheaded his Jewish captives.
In stark contrast, the most “violent” thing Jesus did was overthrow the tables of the money changers in the Temple and drive out the animals.
How can anyone compare the two?
Jesus is called the Lamb of God in numerous texts, speaking of His sacrificial death on the cross, and He is worshiped by Christians as the Lamb who was slain. Do Muslims commonly think of Muhammad in those terms?
The issue here is not whether it’s appropriate for Christians to defend themselves against terrorist attacks or whether Christians should serve in the military.
The issue is that the early Christians were killed for their faith rather than killing others for their faith. The early Muslims did, in fact, kill others for their faith, and many have continued to do so through the centuries.
So, when a Christian is killed by a radical Muslim for refusing to deny his faith, both the Christian and the Muslim can point to their leaders – Jesus and Muhammad – and say, “I am following the example of my leader,” one by being killed for his faith, the other by killing for his faith.
I’m quite aware of ugly aspects of Church history, including the violence of the Crusades (in particular, against European Jews who were not part of the military conflict between Christians and Muslims), but examples like this prove the larger point: they are horrific exceptions to the rule and they are without New Testament support.
In contrast, wars fought in the name of Allah have a rich Islamic history, tracing back directly to Muhammad and the Quran.
As for wars that America engages in, such as the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, while many Muslims view these as “Christian wars” (since America is perceived by the Muslim world to be a Christian nation), these wars have not been waged in the name of Christianity but rather in the name of national security. If America was an entirely secular nation it could have engaged in such wars just as easily.
I do appreciate the fact that millions of Muslims, including many respected leaders, believe that the violent verses of the Quran were for also for a specific time and season, and I applaud them for repudiating the theology, ideology, and actions of radical Muslims worldwide.
At the same time, the close association between Muhammad, the Quranic verses of violence, and violent Islamic history cannot be denied.
This similar pattern cannot be found from New Testament times until today in practicing Christian circles. And where it can be found, it is aberrant.
Not surprisingly, while Muslims celebrate Muhammad’s bloody victory at Khaybar, Christians celebrate Jesus’ bloody death on the cross, followed by His glorious resurrection.


Source:

How Does Jihad Compare with Old Testament Warfare? ~ Nabeel Qureshi


How Does Jihad Compare with Old Testament Warfare?

Editor’s note: New York Times bestselling author Nabeel Qureshi, a former Muslim, offers challenging, respectful answers to the many questions surrounding jihad, the rise of ISIS, and Islamic terrorism in his new book, Answering Jihad: A Better Way Forward (Zondervan, 2016). Read on for a comparison of Old Testament warfare and jihad. 

No matter the context in which I discuss jihad, one question invariably arises: How can you condemn jihad in light of the violence in the Old Testament?
I don’t wish to argue here that the God of the Hebrew Bible is better than the God of the Qur’an, even though I’m a Christian and won’t be able to remain totally free of bias. Nor will I seek to defend the morality of the violence in the Old Testament per se; others have done so far more thoroughly and accurately than I could here. For example, consider Paul Copan and Matt Flannagan’s 2014 book, Did God Really Command Genocide?.
I simply hope to compare jihad—the Islamic doctrine of warfare—to incidents of Jewish warfare in the Old Testament. The two religious systems conceive of warfare differently, and only after we’ve understood the details can we analyze the morality of either.

Apples to Apples 

We must first make sure we’re comparing apples to apples. The Qur’an is a very different type of book than the Bible, and it’s easy to confuse categories when comparing the two. The Qur’an consists almost entirely of Allah’s words in direct address (with a few notable exceptions, such as the words of worshipers in Surah 1). The Bible, on the other hand, contains many genres—including poetry, apocalyptic literature, wisdom literature, prophecy, and history.
This final genre (history) means the Bible recounts many events not endorsed by God, but simply recorded in his Word. Such events shouldn’t be placed in the same category as battles God himself commanded. The latter category is the one of interest for our purposes.
I’ve seen many polemical discussions, for example, focus on Genesis 34. Here Jacob’s daughter is raped by a Canaanite, and her brothers seek revenge by lying to the men of the Canaanite city and then killing all the males, looting corpses and houses, seizing flocks and herds, and taking women and children captive. Yet Yahweh never sanctioned this retaliation. It’s inappropriate, then, to view this as an attack God commanded. There are other attacks Yahweh did endorse, such as the ones commanded in Deuteronomy 20:16–18, but we ought to keep these distinctions clear.

Rule One: Wait 400 Years

I have a friend who once said, “If you want to follow the biblical model of attacking a land, the first thing you have to do is wait 400 years.” According to Genesis 15, Yahweh said to Abraham: 
Know for certain that for 400 years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own. . . . [I]n the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure. (Gen. 15:13, 16)
Warfare in the Old Testament was designed to purge the Promised Land of the Canaanites (a group of whom were the Amorites), and this was God’s promise to Abraham. That promise was fulfilled 400 years later, affording the Amorites many generations to repent and change their ways before the Hebrews finally attacked.
This is different from jihad in the Qur’an. Although at times there were buffer periods of a few months before Muslims would attack (9:2), that wasn’t always the case, as with the attack on caravans. Additionally, the warfare the Qur’an commands isn’t due to any evil action, but rather to the beliefs of non-Muslims—such as the Christian belief Jesus is the Son of God (9:29–30).

Chosen People 

Another important matter to consider is that Old Testament warfare wasn’t about subjugating inferior peoples. Yahweh didn’t promise the Jews that they’re the best of people and that their enemies are less than they are. He makes this quite clear in Deuteronomy 9:
After the LORD your God has driven them out before you, do not say to yourself, “The LORD has brought me here to take possession of this land because of my righteousness.” No, it is on account of the wickedness of these nations that the LORD is going to drive them out before you. It is not because of your righteousness or your integrity that you are going in to take possession of their land; but on account of the wickedness of these nations. . . . Understand, then, that it is not because of your righteousness that the LORD your God is giving you this good land to possess, for you are a stiff-necked people. (Deut. 9:4–6)
In other words, the Hebrews weren’t inherently better than the Canaanites; they too were a stubborn and stiff-necked people.
Yahweh wasn’t affirming the superiority of the Hebrews by giving them victory so much as judging the sins of the Canaanites. The Qur’an, by contrast, envisions Muslims as the best people: “You are the best of all people, evolved for mankind” (3:110). It teaches that Jews and Christians who don’t convert to Islam are the worst of all creation: “Those who do not believe [in Islam] from among the Jews and Christians and the idolators will go to hell. They are the worst of creatures” (98:6; see 98:1–5 for context). This is why the Qur’an in 9:33 commands Muslims to fight Jews and Christians, so that Allah may cause Islam “to prevail over all religions.”
I must emphasize that I’m not cobbling together verses of the Qur’an just to make a point. Instead, I’m highlighting those verses used by classical Muslims jurists and theologians to explain the foundational teachings of Islam. This view of jihad reigned from the 10th until the 19th centuries—which leads to the final, most important matter for our consideration.

Trajectory of Domination vs. Trajectory of Grace

It’s not just that battles are memorialized in the Qur’an, but also that its final chapter is the most violent of all, commanding Muslims to fight and subdue non-Muslims. The title of the chapter is “The Disavowal,” and it disavows all treaties of peace that came before it.
Muhammad’s life moved from peaceful to violent in a crescendo—reflecting the trajectory of the Qur’an—and he died just after conquering the Arabian Peninsula. Consider his words in the canonical collections:
I have been ordered by Allah to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshiped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah’s Messenger. . . . [O]nly then will they save their lives and property from me. (Sahih Bukhari 1.2.25).
Muslims are commanded to follow Muhammad’s example. And his example was jihad.
By contrast, the stories in the Old Testament don’t enjoin Jews or Christians to fight today. Though commands to fight are recorded in the text, no Jew or Christian is instructed to memorialize these battles as ongoing conduct. They were a part of Israel’s history, certainly, but weren’t a mandate or continuing command going forward.
Although I cannot speak fairly for the various branches of Judaism, I can speak for the Christian faith: Jesus is the exemplar of Christians, and his message was one of grace and love. The violent stories in the Old Testament, however we understand their moral justification, serve as little more than a historical footnote in the practice and expectation of the Christian’s life.

Final Marching Orders 

This question deserves much deeper treatment than I can give it here, particuarly regarding the presence of God’s grace even in the Old Testament and Jesus’s role in present and eschatological judgment. But when we compare apples to apples, we see there is a great difference between Islamic jihad and Old Testament violence. An increasing trajectory of jihad was the model of Muhammad until the day he died, and he is the exemplar for Muslims. It was enjoined upon them—the best people among humanity—in the Qur’an’s final commands so that Islam could prevail over all other religions. Early and classical Muslims interpreted jihad accordingly, systematizing it into a doctrine and ultimately coming to dominate one-third of the known world.
By contrast, the Old Testament violence God commanded occurred after 400 years of waiting. And God reminded the Jews that the expulsion of other races wasn’t because the Jews were the best of people but because others had sinned.
Ultimately, Old Testament warfare isn’t meant to be an example Christians model their lives around today. In fact, the trajectory in Christianity isn’t from peaceful to violent, but the reverse (John 18:362 Cor. 10:3–5).
Violence has a very different place in Islam and Christianity’s respective theological frameworks. The final marching order of Islam is jihad. But the final marching orders of Christians are grace and love.

Editors’ note: This article is adapted from Nabeel Qureshi’s new book Answering Jihad: A Better Way Forward. Find it wherever books are sold. Used by permission of HarperCollins Christian Publishing.

Monday, May 13, 2019

The Glorification of the Saints ~ Orthodox




The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church

This article was written by Fr. Joseph Frawley, a member of the Orthodox Church in America’s Canonization Commission. It was originally published in the April-May 2000 issue of The Orthodox Church Newspaper.
While the glorification of saints in the Orthodox Church has been taking place for nearly 2000 years, few people today are certain about how this really happens. Does the Church “make” a saint? Are there special panels which decide who can be considered for sainthood? Are saints “elected” by a majority vote? Does a person have to perform a certain number of miracles in order to quality as a saint? The answers to these questions may be surprising to some.
We know that there are several categories of saints: prophets, evangelists, martyrs, ascetics, holy bishops and priests, and those who live a righteous life “in the world.” What they all have in common is holiness of life. Three times in the Book of Leviticus (Ch 11, 19 and 20) God tells us to be holy, because He is holy. We must consecrate ourselves, for we are His people. Saint Peter reiterates this commandment in the new testament, challenging us to obey God’s commandments and submit our will to His will (1 Pet 1:16). Everyone is challenged to manifest holiness in their lives, for we all must become saints! This is our special -  and common -  calling from God. It is not something reserved for the clergy, monastics, or those who are “more pious.” Everyone who has been baptized into Christ must live in such a way that Christ lives within us. “Do you not know,” Saint Paul asks, “that you are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in you?” (1 Cor 3:16).
So, the glorification of saints in the Orthodox Church is a recognition that God’s holiness is manifested in the Church through these grace-filled men and women whose lives were pleasing to God. Very early on, the Church recognized the righteous ancestors of Christ (Forefathers), those who predicted His coming (Prophets), and those who proclaimed the Gospel (Apostles and Evangelists). Then those who risked their lives and shed their blood to bear witness to Christ (Martyrs and Confessors) were also recognized by the Church as saints. There was no special canonization process, but their relics were treasured and the annual anniversaries of their martyrdoms were celebrated. Later, the ascetics, who followed Christ through self denial, were numbered among the saints. Bishops and priests who proclaimed the True Faith and fought against heresy were added to the list. Finally, those in other walks of life who manifested holiness were recognized as saints.
While the glorification of a saint may be initiated because of miracles, it is not an absolute necessity for canonization. The Roman Catholic Church requires three verified miracles in order to recognize someone as a saint; the Orthodox Church does not require this. There are some saints, including Saint Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain (July 14) and Saint Innocent of Moscow (commemorated March 31), who have not performed any miracles, as far as we know. What is required is a virtuous life of obvious holiness. And a saint’s writings and preaching must be “fully Orthodox,” in agreement with the pure faith that we have received from Christ and the Apostles and taught by the Fathers and the Ecumenical Councils.
Can the Church “make” a saint? The answer is no. Only God can do that. We glorify those whom God Himself has glorified, seeing in their lives true love for God and their neighbors. The Church merely recognizes that such a person has cooperated with God’s grace to the extent that his or her holiness is beyond doubt.
Are saints “elected” by special panels or by majority vote? Again, the answer is no. Long before an official inquiry into a person’s life is made, that person is venerated by the people where he or she lived and died. His or her memory is kept alive by the people who pray for his or her soul or who ask him or her for intercession. Sometimes people will visit his or her grave or have icons painted through their love for the person. Then a request is made, usually through the diocesan bishop, for the Church to recognize that person as a saint. A committee, such as the Orthodox Church in America’s Canonization Commission, is formed to research the life of the person who is being considered for glorification and to submit a report to the Holy Synod stating its reasons why the person should or should not be recognized as a saint. Then the Holy Synod decides to number that person among the saints and have icons painted and liturgical services composed.
The formal Rite of Glorification begins with a final Memorial Service for the person about to be canonized, after which Vespers and Matins with special hymns to the saint are chanted and the saint’s icon is unveiled. The saint’s life is published and the date of his or her commemoration is established. The other Orthodox Churches are notified of the glorification so that they can place the new saint’s name on their calendars.
Through the prayers of all the saints, may we be encouraged to follow their example of virtue and holiness.
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